Competitive costs and a favourable investment climate play a key role in drawing foreign firms, especially manufacturers, to set up factories in, and export goods from, Vietnam, according to HSBC's report "Vietnam at a glance - FDI" announced on August 8.

As the global competition to attract FDI intensifies, there are questions as to whether Vietnam can sustain the momentum of robust investment flows it has enjoyed since its accession to the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 2007. Certainly, as the global investment landscape shifts amid developments such as the implementation of the Global Minimum Tax, navigating the investment landscape is likely to become more complicated.

Nonetheless, taking a step back to re-examine Vietnam’s fundamentals, which have attracted an influx of foreign companies in the first place, help paint an FDI outlook that remains compelling for the country.

Favorable conditions

In the past 20 years, Vietnam has grown to become a major manufacturing base that is tightly integrated with the global supply chain. Exports have grown more than 13 per cent annually on average since 2007, dominated by foreign-invested enterprises.

Traditionally, FDI inflows have been led by South Korea, most notably by Samsung. Since Samsung’s establishment of its first phone factory in the northern province of Bac Ninh in 2008, more than half its global smartphone production is now done in Vietnam, with a cumulative investment capital in excess of $20 billion.

The efforts of these “early movers” have encouraged other tech giants to invest in Vietnam’s manufacturing capabilities.

In 2023, leading Chinese manufacturing firms have ramped up their investments in Vietnam, with almost 20 per cent of newly registered FDI being sourced from mainland China.

The surge in multinational corporations’ (MNC) interests in Vietnam stems from a variety of factors, including competitive costs and FDI-friendly policies. Comparing labour costs across Asia, manufacturing wages in Vietnam are lower than that in mainland China and other peers. This is despite the population’s solid general education, suggested by Vietnam’s high PISA scores that measure the performance of 15-year-olds.

Other costs, such as of the energy needed to operate factories, are also competitive in Vietnam. When comparing electricity prices for businesses, Vietnam ranked second-lowest among its peers, though recent changes making electricity price adjustments more frequent may impact the current dynamics. Meanwhile, diesel, which is widely used in industrial sectors, reflects a similar competitive edge in terms of prices.

In addition, Vietnam has made significant progress in setting up various economic agreements with major trading partners, such as the EU-Vietnam FTA (EUVFTA) and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). In turn, these developments have facilitated and enabled foreign investment, with Vietnam seen as increasingly open to FDI, according to the OECD.

Part of the favourable investment environment can be explained by proactive support from the government via the tax system. Vietnam has a competitive position relative to its peers with a 20 per cent statutory corporate income tax rate. Some firms have been able to use lengthy tax breaks and holidays to reduce the effective rate further.

So far, these pull factors have been important in attracting investment and integrating Vietnam's economy with the global value chain. In fact, Vietnam’s global value chain participation rate has sharply risen over the years, now comparable to that of Singapore. That said, the rise in participation has been captured primarily through greater backward global value chain participation.

Vietnam is now positioned as a hub for importing complex intermediate inputs for final assembly, corroborated by a low localisation rate in the electronics industry.

Maintain strong investment flows

The report noted that if the country is to sustain robust investment inflows, it will be critical for Vietnam to climb up the manufacturing value chain and raise the domestic value-added content in these goods. Compared with the sharp rise in consumer electronics exports, Vietnam’s share of global integrated circuit (IC) exports has grown at a slower pace.

Although workers are equipped with a solid educational foundation, the current lack of skilled technical workers has led to challenges in developing semiconductor manufacturing capabilities. This has prompted the government to work towards expanding its semiconductor workforce in the coming years.

The lack of specialised workers is also weighing on other sectors, such as maritime transport and logistics. Beyond expanding and improving vocational education on a national level, more initiatives to help promote foreign companies’ engagement with the domestic economy could help broaden out the benefits of increasingly complex FDI inflows.

For example, US-based chip firm Synopsys recently signed an agreement to work with students and lecturers of Vietnam National University – Ho Chi Minh City (VNUHCM) on semiconductor design, training, and research.

Encouragingly, signs have emerged of more complex manufacturing knowledge and processes entering Vietnam. In 2022, Samsung established an R&D centre in Hanoi to further develop manufacturing capabilities while commencing production of certain semiconductor components. Meanwhile, Apple has raised its stakes in Vietnam, allocating product development resources for the iPad.

Factors beyond tax considerations, such as the quality of infrastructure, will also need to be proactively addressed as the Global Minimum Tax is implemented across jurisdictions. Measures such as further leveraging digitalisation to streamline trade processes, securing reliable and green energy, and facilitating goods transport through better infrastructure are likely to impact MNCs’ investment decisions in the coming years.